Indeed, punitive tattoos are, or at least were, a global phenomenon, as they served a number of functions: retribution was obtained by physically hurting and psychologically degrading the offender deterrence resulted if persons refrained from offending to avoid this punishment prevention was obtained by warning citizens who to watch out for and, a criminal record was made that could be used to keep track of whether a person was a repeat offender and thus deserving of a more severe punishment (Hill 2003 Jones 1987). Punitive tattooing has been used in other places, as well, such as Great Britain, France, Russia, the United States, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia (Hambly 2009Hesselt van Dinter 2005 Hill 2003 Kaplan and Durbo 2003 Parry Scott Jacques What Criminals' Tattoos Symbolize: Drawing on Darwin, Durkheim, and Lombroso 3 2006). This practice dates back to antiquity it may have begun in Persia, from there spreading to Greece and then onwards to the Roman Empire (Jones 1987). Current developments in the set Japan's social, legal, economic, and political relations suggest, however, that this market is under threat. Yakuza provision of such protection has been one consequence. The book concludes that the preference of the Japanese authorities for social control processes over formal mechanisms of enforcement and dispute resolution has created a conducive environment for private protection markets. The collapse of the bubble economy during the early 1990s, which had a major impact on the yakuza's activities, makes it difficult to evaluate the impact of this law. Thirdly, it investigates the relationship between the yakuza and the state, paying particular attention to the effects of the 1992 bōryokudan countermeasures law. Secondly, it provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development, structure, and business activities of the contemporary yakuza.
Like the Sicilian mafia, the core competence of the yakuza is providing protection and, because of this, it can be considered a mafia. Firstly, it examines Japan's organized crime syndicates (most commonly known as yakuza or bōryokudan) with reference to the best available theoretical analyses of the Sicilian mafia and other manifestations of organized crime.
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